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Macro Baby Ã⩠Proximo Do Shopping Florida Mall

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Big indoor shopping center, usually anchored by section stores

This article is about large, normally enclosed, shopping centers anchored by traditional section stores. For an overview of all types of shopping centers, see Shopping center. For pedestrian malls, see Pedestrian zone.

A shopping mall (or simply mall) is a North American term for a large indoor shopping center, ordinarily anchored past department stores. The term "mall" originally meant a pedestrian promenade with shops along information technology (that is, the term was used to refer to the walkway itself which was simply bordered by such shops), but in the tardily 1960s, it began to exist used as a generic term for the big enclosed shopping centers that were becoming commonplace at the time.[ane] [2] In the U.K., such complexes are considered shopping centres (Commonwealth English: shopping middle), though "shopping eye" covers many more than sizes and types of centers than the North American "mall". Other countries may follow U.South. usage (India,[3] U.A.Due east.,[4] etc.) and others (Australia,[v] etc.) follow U.Thou. usage.

Many malls have declined considerably (peculiarly in the United States and Canada), and some take airtight and become and so-called "dead malls". Successful exceptions have added entertainment and experiential features, added large-box stores as anchors, or converted to other specialized shopping center formats such equally power centers, lifestyle centers, factory outlet centers, and festival marketplaces.[6]

Types of shopping malls [edit]

The International Quango of Shopping Centers classifies two types of shopping centers as malls: regional malls and superregional malls.

Regional mall [edit]

A regional mall is as per the International Council of Shopping Centers, in the United States, a shopping mall with 400,000 sq ft (37,000 mtwo) to 800,000 sq ft (74,000 thousand2) gross leasable area with at least two anchor stores.[seven]

Super-regional mall [edit]

A super-regional mall is, per the International Council of Shopping Centers, in the US, a shopping mall with over 800,000 sq ft (74,000 m2) of gross leasable area, iii or more anchors, mass merchant, more variety, fashion dress, and serves as the dominant shopping venue for the region (25 miles or xl km) in which it is located.[seven]

Non malls [edit]

Non classified every bit malls are smaller formats such equally strip malls and neighborhood shopping centers, and specialized format such as power centers, festival marketplaces, and outlet centers.[half dozen]

On the other paw, in some countries, many shopping centres less than half or a quarter of the size of the U.S. minimum to be considered a mall, 400,000 sq ft (37,000 mii), have "mall" in their names – run into Listing of shopping centres in Namibia or List of shopping centres in Republic of zambia for examples.

The earth's largest malls with over 500,000 foursquare metres (v,400,000 sq ft) of gross leasable area are in Mainland china, Thailand, and the Philippines – more than half once more equally large as previous contenders such equally the Dubai Mall.

Listing of types of shopping centers (including malls) [edit]

The International Quango of Shopping Centers classifies Asia-Pacific, European, U.S., and Canadian shopping centers into the following types:[8] [9] [ten] [11]

Abbreviations: SC=shopping center/heart, GLA = Gross Leasable Area, NLA = Internet Leasable Area, AP=Asia-Pacific, Eu=Europe, Can=Canada, US=Us of America
*does not utilise to Europe

Type U.s.a.: GLA in ft2 USA: GLA in thou2 Europe: GLA in thou2 Canada: GLA in ft2 Asia-Pacific: NLA in fttwo # anchors* Typical anchors
Large full general-purpose centers (United states/AP) / traditional shopping centres (EU/Can)
Mega-mall (AP) n/a n/a n/a north/a ane,500,000+ iii+ Department stores, supermarkets, hypermarkets, multicinemas, major entertainment/leisure
Super-regional mall/center
EU: Very large SC 		800,000+ 74,322+ 80,000+ 800,000+ 800,000–i,499,999 three+ Regular/disbelieve department stores, in Europe and Asia also supermarkets, hypermarkets, cinemas, major entertainment/leisure
Regional mall/center
European union: Large SC 		400,000–800,000 37,161–74,322 40,000–79,999 300,000–799,999 500,000–799,999 ii+
Small & medium general-purpose centers (Usa/AP) / traditional shopping centres (Eu/Tin)
Sub-regional SC (AP)
Europe: Medium SC 		n/a north/a 20,000–39,999 due north/a 200,000–500,000 0–iii Supermarket, hypermarket, small/disbelieve department stores
Small comparison-based SC (European union) due north/a due north/a 5,000–19,999 northward/a n/a n/a Clothes, domicile furnishing, electronics, gifts, etc.
Small convenience-based SC (EU) due north/a due north/a 5,000–19,999 n/a n/a n/a Supermarket, hypermarket, pharmacy, convenience store, household goods, etc.
Community shopping center 125,000–400,000 11,613–37,161 n/a 100,000–400,000 north/a 2+ Discount shop, supermarket, drugstore, category killer.

a.g.a. large neighborhood shopping eye in U.s., Canada

Neighborhood shopping centre 30,000–125,000 ii,787–11,613 n/a xl,000–99,000 20,000–200,000 1+ (US/Tin)
0–2 (AP) 		Supermarket, in Asia also hypermarket
Convenience center
US/Can besides "Strip mall" 		<30,000 <2,787 n/a 10,000–39,000 n/a 0–ane Convenience store ballast or anchorless
Specialized shopping centers
Power heart
EU: a.yard.a. "Retail park" 		250,000–600,000 23,226–55,741 S:5,000+
M:10,000+
L:20,000+ 		100,000–1,000,000 >50,000 3+ (US/Can)
n/a (AP) 		Category killers, warehouse clubs, big disbelieve stores. In Asia 90% of NLA must be these.
Lifestyle centre (U.s.) 150,000–500,000 13,935–46,452 n/a northward/a n/a 0–ii Big-format upscale specialty stores
Outlet mall/middle 50,000–400,000 four,645–37,161 5,000 50,000–400,000 "no max. size" n/a Manufacturers' and retail outlet stores
Theme/Festival (Us)
(Festival marketplace) 		lxxx,000–250,000 7,432–23,226 north/a n/a north/a n/a Restaurants, specialty stores catering to visitors, entertainment
Leisure/entertainment centre (AP)
Leisure-based SC (Eu) 		n/a n/a five,000 north/a <500,000 N/A Amusement and/or F&B (food and beverage) (in Asia, 50%+ of tenants are these), plus specialty stores catering to visitors, fast manner, electronics, sports. Europe: usually anchored past a multiplex cinema and also may include bowling, fitness. Excludes centers at send hubs.
Specialty SC (AP) n/a due north/a n/a n/a <500,000 0 Specialty shops with general product mix (apparel, F&B, electronics, etc.)
Single category SC(AP)
Non-leisure-based themed SC (European union) 		n/a north/a v,000+ n/a n/a n/a Dedicated to single product type other than F&B, groceries or manner, e.g. information technology, homewares/piece of furniture. In Asia, 80% of NLA should be dedicated to the theme.
Major transportation hub SC (AP) due north/a n/a n/a north/a >l,000 due north/a Retail at public transportation hubs including airside airport retail
Limited-purpose belongings
Airdrome retail 75,000–300,000 6,968–27,871 northward/a n/a 0 Speciality retail and restaurants
Shopping centre hybrids (Canada just)
Hybrid SC (Can) northward/a northward/a 250,000+ n/a varies Has characteristics of two or more than shopping eye types e.g. power eye + regional mall

History [edit]

Forerunners to the American mall [edit]

Shopping centers in general, may have their origins in public markets and, in the Middle Due east, covered bazaars. In 1798 the first covered shopping passage was built in Paris, the Passage du Caire .[12] The Arcade in Providence, Rhode Island claims to be the first shopping arcade in the United States in 1828.[13]

In the mid-20th century, with the rise of the suburb and machine civilisation in the United States, a new style of shopping center was created away from downtowns.[14] Early shopping centers designed for the automobile include Marketplace Foursquare, Lake Woods, Illinois (1916), and State Club Plaza, Kansas City, Missouri (1924).[15]

The suburban shopping eye concept evolved further in the United States later Earth War Two (come across table in a higher place) with larger open-air shopping centers anchored by major department stores, such as the 550,000-square-foot (51,000 m2) Broadway-Crenshaw Eye in Los Angeles built in 1947, anchored by a 5-story Broadway and a May Company California.[16]

Downtown pedestrian malls and utilise of term mall [edit]

In the belatedly 1950s and into the 1960s, the term "shopping mall" was first used, but in the original sense of the word "mall", that is, a pedestrian promenade (in U.K. usage a "shopping precinct"). Early downtown pedestrianized malls included the Kalamazoo Mall (the offset, in 1959), "Shoppers' Encounter-Way" in Toledo, Lincoln Route Mall in Miami Beach, Santa Monica Mall (1965).[17] [eighteen] [19] Although Bergen Mall (opened 1957) led other suburban shopping centers in using "mall" in their names, these types of properties were still referred to every bit "shopping centers" until the tardily 1960s, when the term "shopping mall" started to exist used generically for large suburban shopping centers.[xx] [ page needed ]

Enclosed malls in the U.S. [edit]

The enclosed shopping center, which would somewhen be known equally the shopping mall, did not appear until the mid-1950s. 1 of the primeval examples was the Valley Off-white Shopping Center in Appleton, Wisconsin,[21] which opened in March 1955. Valley Fair featured a number of modernistic features including central heating and cooling, a large outdoor parking area, semi-detached anchor stores, and restaurants. Later that year the world's first fully enclosed shopping mall was opened in Luleå, in northern Sweden (architect: Ralph Erskine) and was named Shopping; the region now claims the highest shopping eye density in Europe.[22]

The idea of a regionally-sized, fully enclosed shopping circuitous was pioneered in 1956 by the Austrian-built-in architect and American immigrant Victor Gruen.[23] [24] [25] This new generation of regional-size shopping centers began with the Gruen-designed Southdale Eye, which opened in the Twin Cities suburb of Edina, Minnesota, Usa in Oct 1956.[24] [25] For pioneering the soon-to-be enormously popular mall concept in this grade, Gruen has been called the "most influential architect of the twentieth century" past Malcolm Gladwell.[26]

The commencement retail complex to be promoted every bit a "mall" was Paramus, New Jersey's Bergen Mall. The heart, which opened with an open up-air format in 1957, was enclosed in 1973. Bated from Southdale Center, significant early on enclosed shopping malls were Harundale Mall (1958) in Glen Burnie, Maryland,[27] Large Town Mall (1959) in Mesquite, Texas, Chris-Town Mall (1961) in Phoenix, Arizona, and Randhurst Center (1962) in Mount Prospect, Illinois.

Other early malls moved retailing abroad from the dumbo, commercial downtowns into the largely residential suburbs. This formula (enclosed space with stores attached, away from downtown, and accessible only past automobile) became a popular way to build retail across the earth. Gruen himself came to abominate this effect of his new design; he decried the cosmos of enormous "land wasting seas of parking" and the spread of suburban sprawl.[28] [29]

In the United states, developers such as A. Alfred Taubman of Taubman Centers extended the concept further in 1980, with terrazzo tiles at the Mall at Short Hills in New Jersey, indoor fountains, and 2 levels allowing a shopper to brand a circuit of all the stores. Taubman believed carpeting increased friction, slowing downwards customers, then information technology was removed. Fading daylight through drinking glass panels was supplemented past gradually increased electric lighting, making it seem like the afternoon was lasting longer, which encouraged shoppers to linger.[30] [31]

Turn down of shopping malls [edit]

Belz Mill Outlet Mall, an abandoned shopping mall in Allen, Texas, United States

In the United States, in the mid-1990s, malls were withal being constructed at a rate of 140 a yr.[32] But in 2001, a PricewaterhouseCoopers study institute that underperforming and vacant malls, known as "greyfield" and "dead mall" estates, were an emerging problem. In 2007, a twelvemonth earlier the Bang-up Recession, no new malls were congenital in America, for the first time in fifty years.[33] City Creek Eye Mall in Salt Lake City, which opened in March 2012, was the beginning to exist congenital since the recession.[xv]

In recent years, the number of dead malls increased significantly in the early 21st century because the economic wellness of malls across the United States has been in decline, as identified by high vacancy rates. From 2006 to 2010, the pct of malls that are considered to be "dying" by real estate experts (have a vacancy rate of at least twoscore%), unhealthy (20–40%), or in trouble (ten–xx%) all increased greatly, and these high vacancy rates only partially decreased from 2010 to 2014.[34] In 2014, about 3% of all malls in the United states were considered to be "dying" (40% or college vacancy rates) and nigh one-fifth of all malls had vacancy rates considered "troubling" (10% or higher). Some real estate experts say the "cardinal trouble" is a glut of malls in many parts of the country creating a market place that is "extremely over-retailed".[34]

Online shopping has also emerged equally a competition to shopping malls. In the United states, online shopping has accounted for an increasing share of total retail sales.[35] In 2013, roughly 200 out of 1,300 malls across the The states were going out of business organisation.[36] To combat this trend, developers have converted malls into other uses including attractions such every bit parks, picture theaters, gyms, and even fishing lakes.[37] In the United States, the 600,000 foursquare pes Highland Mall volition be a campus for Austin Community Higher.[38] In French republic, the Then Ouest mall outside of Paris was designed to resemble elegant, Louis XV-fashion apartments and includes 17,000 square metres (180,000 sq ft) of light-green space.[39] The Australian mall company Westfield launched an online mall (and later a mobile app) with 150 stores, 3,000 brands and over i million products.[40]

The COVID-19 pandemic also significantly impacted the retail manufacture. Government regulations temporarily closed malls, increased entrance controls, and imposed strict public sanitation requirements.[41]

Mall pattern [edit]

The 31 story tall ISQUARE vertical mall.

Vertical malls [edit]

High land prices in populous cities take led to the concept of the "vertical mall", in which space allocated to retail is configured over a number of stories attainable by elevators and/or escalators (ordinarily both) linking the different levels of the mall. The challenge of this type of mall is to overcome the natural tendency of shoppers to move horizontally and encourage shoppers to move upward and downwards.[42] The concept of a vertical mall was originally conceived in the tardily 1960s by the Mafco Company, former shopping center evolution division of Marshall Field & Co. The H2o Belfry Identify skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois was built in 1975 by Urban Retail Backdrop. It contains a hotel, luxury condominiums, and office space and sits atop a block-long base of operations containing an eight-level atrium-mode retail mall that fronts on the Magnificent Mile.[ commendation needed ]

Vertical malls are common in densely populated conurbations in East and Southeast Asia. Hong Kong in detail has numerous examples such as Times Foursquare, Apm, Langham Place,[42] ISQUARE and The I.

A vertical mall may too be congenital where the geography prevents edifice outward or at that place are other restrictions on structure, such as historical buildings or significant archaeology. The Darwin Shopping Center and associated malls in Shrewsbury, UK, are congenital on the side of a steep colina, around the former town walls;[43] consequently the shopping center is split over 7 floors vertically – two locations horizontally – continued by elevators, escalators and bridge walkways. Some establishments incorporate such designs into their layout, such as Shrewsbury's old McDonald's, split into four stories with multiple mezzanines which featured medieval castle vaults – complete with arrowslits – in the basement dining rooms.

Components [edit]

Food court [edit]

A common feature of shopping malls is a food court: this typically consists of a number of fast food vendors of various types, surrounding a shared seating area.

Department stores [edit]

When the shopping mall format was developed past Victor Gruen in the mid-1950s, signing larger department stores was necessary for the fiscal stability of the projects, and to draw retail traffic that would result in visits to the smaller stores in the mall equally well. These larger stores are termed ballast store or describe tenant. In physical configuration, anchor stores are normally located as far from each other as possible to maximize the amount of traffic from one anchor to another.[ citation needed ]

Regional differences [edit]

Express Avenue Chennai, Bharat

"Mall" versus "shopping center/centre" [edit]

Shopping mall is a term used predominantly in Northward America and another countries that follow U.S. usage (Bharat,[three] U.A.Eastward.,[iv] etc.) and others (Commonwealth of australia,[5] etc.) follow U.K. usage.

In North America, Western farsi Gulf countries, and India, the term shopping mall is normally applied to enclosed retail structures (and is mostly abbreviated to merely mall), while shopping centre/centre usually refers to open-air retail complexes; both types of facilities usually have large parking lots, face up major traffic arterials, and accept few pedestrian connections to surrounding neighbourhoods.[44] Outside of North America, "shopping precinct" and "shopping arcade" are as well used. In Canada, "shopping center" is often used officially (equally in Square One Shopping Middle), but conversationally, "mall" is mostly used.

Europe [edit]

At that place are a reported 222 malls in Europe. In 2014, these malls had combined sales of United states of america$12.47 billion.[45] This represented a x% bump in revenues from the prior year.[45]

U.Thousand. and Ireland [edit]

In the United Kingdom and Ireland, both open-air and enclosed centers are commonly referred to every bit shopping centres. Mall primarily refers to either a shopping mall – a place where a collection of shops all abut a pedestrian area – or an exclusively pedestrianized street that allows shoppers to walk without interference from vehicle traffic.

The bulk of British enclosed shopping centres, the equivalent of a U.S. mall, are located in city centres, usually found in one-time and historic shopping districts and surrounded by subsidiary open up air shopping streets. Large examples include Due west Quay in Southampton; Manchester Arndale; Bullring Birmingham; Liverpool One; Trinity Leeds; Buchanan Galleries in Glasgow; and Eldon Square in Newcastle upon Tyne. In addition to the inner city shopping centres, big UK conurbations will also have big out-of-town "regional malls" such as the Metrocentre in Gateshead; Meadowhall Center, Sheffield serving S Yorkshire; the Trafford Middle in Greater Manchester; White Rose Centre in Leeds; the Merry Colina Centre near Dudley; and Bluewater in Kent. These centres were built in the 1980s and 1990s, only planning regulations prohibit the structure of whatever more than. Out-of-town shopping developments in the UK are now focused on retail parks, which consist of groups of warehouse style shops with private entrances from outdoors. Planning policy prioritizes the development of existing town centres, although with patchy success. Westfield Stratford City, in Stratford (London), is the largest shopping centre in Europe with over 330 shops, 50 restaurants and an 11 screen cinema and Westfield London is the largest inner-metropolis shopping center in Europe. Bullring, Birmingham is the busiest shopping centre in the UK welcoming over 36.5 million shoppers in its opening twelvemonth.[46]

Russia [edit]

In Russia, on the other hand, as of 2013[update] a large number of new malls had been built near major cities, notably the MEGA malls such as Mega Belaya Dacha mall well-nigh Moscow. In large office they were financed by international investors and were pop with shoppers from the emerging middle course.[47]

Direction and legal issues [edit]

Shopping holding management firms [edit]

A shopping holding management house is a company that specializes in owning and managing shopping malls. Most shopping belongings management firms ain at least 20 malls. Some firms use a like naming scheme for most of their malls; for example, Mills Corporation puts "Mills" in nearly of its mall names and SM Prime Holdings of the Philippines puts "SM" in all of its malls, as well as anchor stores such as The SM Store, SM Appliance Centre, SM Hypermarket, SM Cinema, and SM Supermarket. In the United kingdom, The Mall Fund changes the proper name of any center it buys to "The Mall (location)", using its pinkish-M logo; when information technology sells a mall the eye reverts to its ain name and branding, such as the Ashley Centre in Epsom.[48] Similarly, following its rebranding from Capital Shopping Centres, intu Properties renamed many of its centres to "intu (proper name/location)" (such as intu Lakeside); again, malls removed from the network revert to their own brand (run across for instance The Glades in Bromley).

Legal problems [edit]

One controversial aspect of malls has been their effective displacement of traditional main streets or high streets. Some consumers prefer malls, with their parking garages, controlled environments, and private security guards, over CBDs or downtowns, which frequently have limited parking, poor maintenance, outdoor weather, and express law coverage.[49] [50]

In response, a few jurisdictions, notably California, have expanded the right of freedom of speech to ensure that speakers will be able to reach consumers who adopt to shop, eat, and socialize within the boundaries of privately endemic malls.[51] The Supreme Courtroom decision Pruneyard Shopping Center v. Robins was issued on 9 June 1980 which affirmed the decision of the California Supreme Court in a example that arose out of a costless spoken communication dispute between the Pruneyard Shopping Center in Campbell, California, and several local high schoolhouse students.

World's largest malls by gross leasable area [edit]

This is an incomplete list of the earth'south largest shopping malls based on their gross leasable area (GLA), with a GLA of at least 250,000 mii (2,700,000 sq ft).

Rank Mall Country Urban center (metropolitan area) Year opened Gross leasable
surface area (GLA) 		Shops Remarks
1 Iran Mall Islamic republic of iran Tehran 2018 one,450,000 g2

(15,000,000 sq ft)

[52] [53] [54]

2500+ Largest shopping mall in the globe since 2020.[55]
ii South China Mall Red china Dongguan 2005 659,612 mii (7,100,000 sq ft)[56] [57] two,350 Until at to the lowest degree 2014 most of the stores were empty, with occupancy rates of just ten%.[57]
three SM Mall of Asia Philippines Pasay (Metro Manila) 2006 589,891 grand2 (vi,349,530 sq ft)[58] 1,000+ The largest mall in the Philippines, surpassing SM City N EDSA upon the m opening of IKEA in 2021[59]
iv SM Tianjin Cathay Tianjin 2016 565,000 one thousand2 (half dozen,080,000 sq ft)[38] [60] [61] 2,500+
5 Golden Resource Mall China Beijing 2004 557,419 g2 (6,000,010 sq ft)[56] [57] 1,000+
6 CentralPlaza WestGate Thailand Nonthaburi (Bangkok Metropolitan Region) 2015 550,278 m2 (5,923,140 sq ft) 1,000+ The gross floor expanse of the mall includes the floor area of the mall building with various shops which is 500,000 square meters and the floor area of the IKEA store which is 50,278 square meters.[62] [63]
7 CentralWorld Thailand Bangkok 1990 550,000 m2 (5,900,000 sq ft)[64] 600 Area of the full complex is i,024,000 mii (11,020,000 sq ft) including two skyscrapers.
eight ICONSIAM Thailand Bangkok 2018 525,000 mtwo (five,650,000 sq ft)[65] 1,000+
ix Mall of America United states of america Bloomington, MN (Minneapolis–Saint Paul) 1992 520,257 thou2 (5,600,000 sq ft)[66] 520 The ranking area does not include Nickelodeon Universe, a large indoor amusement park at the center of the mall with an expanse of 28,000 grandtwo (300,000 sq ft); Largest mall in U.s..
10 ane Utama Malaysia Petaling Jaya 1995 519,328 mii (5,590,000 sq ft)[67] [68] 713[68] The largest shopping mall in Malaysia. Built in three phases in 1995,[69] 2003[70] and 2018.[71]
11 SM City Northward EDSA Philippines Quezon City (Metro Manila) 1985 497,213 g2 (5,351,960 sq ft)[57] [58] [72] i,000+ Formerly the largest mall in the Philippines (2008–2011, 201?–2014, and 2015–2021), until IKEA opened in SM Mall of Asia on Nov 25, 2021
12 Global Harbor China Shanghai 2013 480,000 mii (5,200,000 sq ft)[73] [74] 1,000+
13 SM Megamall Philippines Mandaluyong (Metro Manila) 1991 474,000 m2 (5,100,000 sq ft)[58] [75] [73] [74] one,000+ Has the most movie house screens (14) in the Philippines.[76] [77]
14 SM Seaside City Cebu Philippines Cebu City 2015 470,486 m2 (five,064,270 sq ft)[78] 700+ Largest shopping mall in the Philippines outside Metro Manila.
15 Isfahan City Center Iran Isfahan 2012 465,000 yard2 (v,010,000 sq ft)[57] [79] 750+ Contains the biggest indoor amusement park in the Center Eastward at 345,000 m2 (3,710,000 sq ft). Built in two phases in 2012 and 2019.
16 Persian Gulf Complex Iran Shiraz 2011 450,000 m2 (4,800,000 sq ft)[eighty]

[81] [82] [83]

2500[84]

[85]

2d largest shopping mall by number of stores after Iran Mall.[84]
17 Sunway Pyramid Malaysia Subang Jaya 1997 402,108 thousandtwo (iv,328,250 sq ft)[86] 1000+ Second largest shopping mall in Malaysia behind 1 Utama. Built in three phases in 1997, 2007 and 2016.
eighteen (tie) The Avenues Mall Kuwait Al Rai 2007 400,000 m2 (iv,300,000 sq ft) 800+
xviii (tie) New Century Global Center China Chengdu 2013 400,000 yard2 (iv,300,000 sq ft) 2,300
18 (tie) Dream Mall Taiwan Kaohsiung 2007 400,000 m2 (4,300,000 sq ft) 2,300
18 (tie) Siam Paragon Thailand Bangkok 2005 400,000 mtwo (4,300,000 sq ft)[57] 270+ [87]
xviii (necktie) Key Phuket Thailand Phuket 2004 400,000 k2 (4,300,000 sq ft)[88] [89] [90] 800+ Major expansion ("Floresta" building) in 2018.
18 (tie) Festival Alabang Philippines Muntinlupa (Metro Manila) 1998 400,000 mii (4,300,000 sq ft)[91] 1,300+
24 Lotte Globe Mall South korea Seoul 2014 383,470 m2 (iv,127,600 sq ft)[92] one,000+ Largest shopping mall in Republic of korea.
25 (necktie) Jamuna Hereafter Park People's republic of bangladesh Dhaka 2013 380,000 chiliadii (4,100,000 sq ft)[93] 4300[93] Largest shopping mall in Southward Asia.[94]
25 (necktie) Albrook Mall Panama Panama City 2002 380,000 mii (4,100,000 sq ft)[57] 555 2nd largest shopping mall in the Americas; the largest until 2013.
27 Mal Taman Anggrek Republic of indonesia Djakarta 1996 360,000 m2 (3,900,000 sq ft)[57] 528 Hosts the world's largest LED display.[95]
28 (tie) Fashion Island (Thailand) Thailand Bangkok 1995 350,000 m2 (3,800,000 sq ft) 300
28 (necktie) West Edmonton Mall Canada Edmonton, Alberta 1981 350,000 mtwo (iii,800,000 sq ft)[96] 800+ Largest shopping mall in Canada. The gross leasable surface area does not include Galaxyland, a large indoor amusement park with an area of 70,160 m2 (755,200 sq ft).
28 (tie) The Dubai Mall United Arab Emirates Dubai 2008 350,000 yard2 (3,800,000 sq ft) 1,200 The second largest mall in the world by total land expanse.[97] [98] [99]
31 Lucky One Mall Pakistan Karachi 2017 340,000 yard2 (3,700,000 sq ft)[100] [101] 200+ Largest mall in Pakistan.
32 Gandaria City Republic of indonesia Jakarta 2010 336,279 thoutwo (three,619,680 sq ft)[102] 500
33 (necktie) Limketkai Heart Philippines Cagayan de Oro 1992 320,000 m2 (three,400,000 sq ft)[103] [104] 500+
33 (tie) Berjaya Times Square Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 2003 320,000 g2 (3,400,000 sq ft) 1,000+ The largest shopping mall in Kuala Lumpur and 3rd largest shopping mall in Malaysia backside 1 Utama and Sunway Pyramid.[105]
35 SM City Fairview Philippines Quezon City (Metro Manila) 1997 312,749 m2 (3,366,400 sq ft) 700+
36 (tie) Zhengjia Plaza (Grandview Mall) China Guangzhou 2005 280,000 10002 (3,000,000 sq ft) 180+[ citation needed ]
36 (tie) Centro Mayor Colombia Bogota 2010 280,000 1000two (3,000,000 sq ft)[ citation needed ] 354+
36 (necktie) American Dream Meadowlands Us East Rutherford, NJ (New York Metropolis area) 2019 280,000 k2 (3,000,000 sq ft)[106] 450 Partially open.
39 SM City Cebu Philippines Cebu City 1993 273,804 10002 (ii,947,200 sq ft)[58] 680
40 The Avenues, Bahrain Bahrain Bahrain Bay 2017 273,000m2 (two,940,000 sq ft)
41 (tie) Medan Centre Point Republic of indonesia Medan 2013 270,000 m2 (two,900,000 sq ft)2 [107] The biggest shopping mall in Northward Sumatra. Medan Eye Point Complex consists ii of the tallest five buildings in North Sumatra.
41 (tie) Mal Artha Gading Indonesia Jakarta 2004 270,000 kii (2,900,000 sq ft) 430[108]
42 Mall of Arabia Saudi Arabia Jeddah 2010 261,000 mii (two,810,000 sq ft) 187[109]
43 King of Prussia United States Rex of Prussia (Philadelphia area) 1963 259,500 m2 (2,793,000 sq ft)[110] 400+ Originally built every bit two buildings, a 2016 renovation made it one continuous edifice, larger than Mall of America by i,300 m2 (14,000 sq ft).[111]
44 Greenwich Mall Russia Ekaterinburg 2006 258,673 mtwo (ii,788,000 sq ft)[112] 300+ the largest shopping center in Europe
45 Tunjungan Plaza Indonesia Surabaya 1986 253,187 mii (2,725,280 sq ft)[113] 500 The biggest mall in East Java
46 (necktie) Emporium Mall Pakistan Lahore 2016 250,000 10002 (2,700,000 sq ft)[114] 200+
47 (tie) Centro Sambil Venezuela Caracas 1998 250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft) 500+
47 (tie) Aventura Mall United States Aventura (Miami area) 1983 250,000 one thousand2 (2,700,000 sq ft) 300+ Largest shopping mall in Florida.
47 (tie) Glorietta Philippines Makati (Metro Manila) 1991 250,000 m2 (2,700,000 sq ft) 300+ Glorietta is integrated with Greenbelt, both of which are owned by the Ayala Corporation.
47 (tie) Greenbelt Philippines Makati (Metro Manila) 1991 250,000 m2 (ii,700,000 sq ft) 300+ Greenbelt is integrated with Glorietta, both of which are owned past the Ayala Corporation.
47 (necktie) South Coast Plaza United States Costa Mesa (Greater Los Angeles) 1967 250,000 k2 (2,700,000 sq ft)[115] 286
48 (tie) Centro Comercial Santafé Colombia Bogotá 2006 250,000 chiliad2 (2,700,000 sq ft) 485

Combination retail and wholesale shopping malls [edit]

Some wholesale market complexes also function as shopping malls in that they incorporate retail space which operate as stores in normal malls do but likewise act equally producer vendor outlets that tin can accept large orders for consign.

Name State City Year opened Gross leasable area Shops Remarks
Yiwu International luTrade Urban center China Yiwu 2002 5,500,000 thou2 (59,000,000 sq ft)[116] 75,000+ Much of the retail area is divided into small booths, hence the unduly greater number of shops than other malls listed.

Gallery [edit]

Run across also [edit]

  • Arcade
  • Boutique
  • Lists of shopping malls
  • Mall kiosk
  • Pedestrian area
  • Retail#Types of retail outlets
  • All pages with titles containing Listing of largest shopping malls

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Further reading [edit]

  • Hardwick, Yard. Jeffrey. Mall Maker: Victor Gruen, Architect of an American Dream (2004) excerpt and text search
  • Howard, Vicki. From Chief Street to Mall: The Ascension and Fall of the American Section Store (2015)
  • Ngo-Viet, Nam-Son. Google Docs 2002. The Integration of the Suburban Shopping Center with its Environment: Redmond Town Eye (PhD Dissertation) University of Washington.
  • Scharoun, Lisa. America at the Mall: The Cultural Role of a Retail Utopia (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2012)
  • Lange, Alexandra (xv February 2018). "Malls and the future of American retail: In a mail service-mall era, why are starchitects building more than retail?". Curbed . Retrieved iii March 2018.

External links [edit]

  • International Council of Shopping Centers (ICSC)
  • American Institute of Architects Retail and Entertainment Commission Noesis Community

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